Comparative Genocide Bibliographies
This bibliography covers events from the Second Millenium B.C. to 556 B.C., and so covers "a period in which many genocides are likely to have been part of the conflicts among city-states and empires." (Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide [New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990], p. 58.)
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Beginning on 24 April, 1915, the Government of the Ottoman Empire, dominated by the Young Turks, effected a policy of genocide in the form of systematic mass deportations and extermination of Armenians, lasting until 1923, and resulting in the death of 1.5 million people.
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The genocide of Australia's Aborigines can be said to have lasted from the early days of European settlement up until the 1980s. The colonial authorities, and the Federal and State governments of Australia which succeeded them, abhorred the slaughter of Aborigines by settlers. However, other aspects of the genocide, such as the splitting of Aboriginal families and the relocation of Aborigines to mission stations, had the full blessing of the authorities.
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In the March 1971 election, the Awami League achieved dominance of what was still East Pakistan. The League's desire for East Pakistan to be independent from West Pakistan incurred the wrath of the government in Islamabad. The resulting civil war became a war of attrition until India invaded East Pakistan and forced the West Pakistan Army to surrender. The long-sought transformation of East Pakistan into Bangladesh was achieved, but over the nine months of war, between one and three million Bengalis had been killed and ten million had been made refugees.
This bibliography covers the "ethnic cleansing" carried out in Bosnia-Herzegovina which was a part of the wars throughout the former Yugoslavia from 1991 to 1997.
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Under the Khmer Rouge from 1975 to 1979, between two and four million Cambodians were slaughtered in a genocide essentially directed against anybody who disagreed with the regime - "most of its victims were not selected as members of racial, religious or ethnic groups." (Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn, The History and Sociology of Genocide [New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990], p. 407.)
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Two acts of genocide appear under this heading. The first is the genocide or "politicide" of up to one million communists and their families by the Indonesian Army between 1965 and 1966. The second is the genocide which has been perpetrated against the people of East Timor since its occupation by Indonesia in 1975.
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When Iran became a theocratic state following the revolution of 1979, the Bahá'ís were stripped of many of the rights which they had previously enjoyed equally with all other Iranians. Beginning in the early 1980s, Bahá'ís were subjected to summary arrest, torture and execution for their Faith.
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These bibliographies are mainly concerned with the genocides of the Australian Aborigines (see above), but other indigenous peoples of the South Pacific are also covered.
Pontus (meaning "sea" in Greek) is located in the south-eastern littoral of the Black Sea. During the period 1914-1922, under a policy of "creating a Turkey for the Turks", 300 000 of the 700 000 Greeks who had lived in Pontus in 1914 were killed and the remainder were made refugees.
In the neighbouring countries of Rwanda and Burundi, the Hutu and the Tutsi tribes have committed mass tribal killings since 1961. In 1972, the Tutsi-dominated government of Burundi slaughtered up to 200 000 Hutus. A second wave of "Great Killings" occured in Burundi in 1988. In 1994, the world watched apathetically as the Hutus in Rwanda perpetrated a far greater genocide against the Tutsis.
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The genocide in Sri Lanka has been waged for more than a decade by Buddhist Sinhalese upon the (mainly Hindu) Tamils, who want their own independent state.
The genocide against the Christian population of Southern Sudan by the Sudanese government and Islamic fanatics is an on-going genocide.
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Under Josef Stalin, genocide against "enemies of the people" was perpetrated in the Soviet Union a few times, such as in the state-generated Ukrainian Famine, the 'de-kulakisation' campaigns, and the purges.
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The ruler of the Zulu Kingdom in Southern Africa from 1818 to 1828, Shaka "conquered the peoples of over three hundred kingdoms", absorbing some into the Zulu nation. Those who did not become part of that nation were either killed or made refugees.
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